【英國醫科】 Medicine 全攻略
在英國,醫學教育是一個備受推崇的領域,其教育體系和培訓標準享譽全球。從預科到專科,英國的醫學教育提供了全面而嚴謹的學術和臨床培訓,旨在培養具有卓越專業技能和人文素養的醫學專業人才。
英國醫科
英國醫學士課程是甚麽?
英國醫學士課程主要授予的學位名銜為MBBS,「醫學士外科學士」(Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery)。然而,依據不同英國醫學院的課程設計,不同的學位名稱如下:
- MBChB:University of Aberdeen, University of Bristol, University of Dundee, University of Edinburgh,等13所醫學院
- MBBCh:Cardiff University及Swansea University 2所醫學院
- MBBChir:University of Cambridge醫學院
- BMBS:University of Nottingham, Brighton-Sussex, Peninsula等3所醫學院
- BM:University of Southampton醫學院
大部分英國醫學士課程為期五年,除了部分醫學院採取六年制度(例如G5大學University of Cambridge、University of Oxford、Imperial College London等,或蘇格蘭醫學院如University of Edinburgh等)。
英國醫學院的課程設計嚴密,以「先奠基、後實踐」的模式進行教學。在為期 5-6 年的醫學士課程中,首 2-3 年為「基礎理論期」,主要通過大課 (Lectures) 及小組研習 (Tutorials) 向學生傳授生物醫學、解剖學、藥理學等基本知識,以及醫學專業術語。同時會安排學生參觀大學鄰近的醫院病房和急症室,亦幫助學生初步了解醫院的日常運作。
從第 3-4 學年起,學生會接受進階的醫學理論課程,學習病理學、血液學、臨床醫藥學等知識。除了專科教學,學生也開始接觸及討論臨床案例,然後獲安排到醫院進行短期醫科實習。了解醫生的職責及日常工作:檢查病人、查看病歷、處方藥物、執行診斷測試、與病人講解及商討治療方案、記錄病人的醫療資料和病歷、及按需要轉介病人到其他專科醫生作進一步的診斷或治療等。
英國醫科生在醫院實習的時間逐步增加,同時也要維持五至十星期在校的專科學習(按不同醫學院課程設計而定)。最後,醫學院在安排學生醫院實習外,也會為學生提供執業預備課程,為有意在英國註冊執業的學生準備。
英國醫學士學位入學要求
學生想報讀英國醫學士課程,可通過英國大學聯招系統UCAS,或以直接報名 (Direct Apply) 的途徑遞交申請。此外,學生必須符合以下條件,才能申請英國醫學院。
學術成績
報讀英國醫學院,預估成績必須符合以下的基本條件:
選修科 | 生物、化學、數學 (可只有生物或化學一科,但會大幅局限可報讀的英國醫學院選擇) |
A-Level | AAA(一般需要生物及化學獲A/A*) |
HKDSE | 選修科555(建議生物、化學及物理), 核心科目不低於4 |
IB | 36 points或以上(需要2科Higher Level為科學學科) |
GCSE | 一般5-6科達6-9(A-C),包括英文、數學、科學等 |
入學考試
報讀英國醫學士課程,幾乎所有醫學院都需要同學提前報考醫科入學試,對於大學一年級直接入學的醫學士課程,英國醫學院主要採用 UCAT 考試,作為醫科申請的重要評核。
UCAT 每年只能考一次,成績有效期只維持一年。因此,如想申請指定的英國醫學院,就必須提前了解考試模式及做好應試預備。
UCAT(The University Clinical Aptitude Test)
UCAT 是一個電腦考試,題目設計是為了測試學生文字數理分析能力和評估其特定情境的心理質素,是英國大部分醫學院為申請人設立的能力傾向測試。每年6月初,UCAT考試中心會接受應屆申請人的註冊,整個考試期橫跨7月至10月。
考試分為五大部分:(一)語言推理、(二)決策分析、(三)數量推理、(四)抽象歸納、(五)情境判斷。考試時間共2小時,學生完成各每部分有1分鐘休息時間,緊接著需應答下一部分,各卷題型設定及時間分配不一:
1. 語言推理(Verbal Reasoning): | 這部分佔時21分鐘,共11篇閱讀理解文章,設44題多項選擇題,測試學生歸納大量資訊的理解能力、邏輯思考及應用能力; |
2. 決策分析(Decision Making): | 這部分佔時31分鐘,設29題多項選擇題,評核學生的判斷力及決策能力; |
3. 數量推理(Quantitative Reasoning) : | 這部分佔時25分鐘,設36題多項選擇題,考驗學生對數字、圖表、表格或列表問題的解題能力; |
4. 抽象歸納(Abstract Reasoning) : | 這部分佔時13分鐘,約17組圖像,設55題多項選擇題,評核學生對抽象思維概念的認知與邏輯能力,以及處理與結論無關資訊的能力; |
5. 情境判斷(Situation Judgement) : | 這部分佔時26分鐘,共13個情境,設69題多項選擇題,考核學生按情境選擇及排序優次的能力、同理心、思維靈活性及團隊合作適應的能力。 |
要求UCAT成績的英國醫學院
University | |
A20 | University of Aberdeen |
A60 | Anglia Ruskin University |
A80 | Aston University |
B06 | Bangor University |
B32 | University of Birmingham |
B74 | Brighton and Sussex Medical School |
B78 | University of Bristol |
B84 | Brunel University London |
C05 | University of Cambridge |
C15 | Cardiff University |
C30 | University of Central Lancashire |
C55 | University of Chester |
D65 | University of Dundee |
E14 | University of East Anglia |
E42 | Edge Hill University |
E56 | University of Edinburgh |
E84 | University of Exeter |
G28 | University of Glasgow |
H75 | Hull York Medical School |
I50 | Imperial College London |
K12 | Keele University |
K31 | Kent and Medway Medical School |
K60 | King's College London |
L14 | Lancaster University |
L23 | University of Leeds |
L34 | University of Leicester |
L41 | University of Liverpool |
M20 | University of Manchester |
N21 | University of Newcastle |
N84 | University of Nottingham |
O33 | University of Oxford |
P60 | Plymouth University |
Q50 | Queen Mary University of London |
Q75 | Queen's University Belfast |
S18 | University of Sheffield |
S27 | University of Southampton |
S36 | University of St Andrews |
S49 | St George's, University of London |
S84 | University of Sunderland |
S85 | University of Surrey |
S93 | Swansea University |
U80 | University College London |
W20 | University of Warwick |
W80 | University of Worcester |
UCAT 考試中,學生需要在短短2小時完成共五部分的電腦考試。在評分標準上,UCAT 前四部分各因應答題正確數量評為300-900分,總分為3600分。只有第五部分情境判斷以Band作為評分級別,從Band 1 最佳 到 Band 4 最差。
依據過往UCAT考生表現評估,第一至四部分的成績中位數每年不同,大致保持在620-630之間,以申請2022入學年的考生為例,中位數為628。一般而言,650或以上為良好表現,但由於國際生名額競爭激烈,英國醫學院及牙醫學院一般視680或以上為高分標準。另外在第五部分的情境判斷, 大多學院要求學生有Band1-Band2表現,才會給予面試機會。
UCAT 分數絕對影響學生會否獲取面試的機會。Queen Mary 大學的醫學院在英國享譽甚高,在入學條件上,UCAT是必要文件。在面試篩選的環節,校方明確指明UCAT分數在面試遴選中佔50%,以往能獲面試以及offer的學生大多在各部分考獲高於中位數的700分或以上,第五部分更是Band1或2。可見,僅僅達標的分數,是不足以爭取踏入醫學院的門檻。
英國醫學院面試
申請英國醫學院,學生若通過學術成績審批、UCAT入學試、履歷評估等關卡後,就會進入學院的最後考驗——面試。
一般英國醫學院的面試類型分為以下三種:
- 群體面試(Panel Interview)
- 小組面試(Group Interview)
- 多個小型面試 (Multiple Mini Interview- MMI)
其中最多英國醫學院採用MMI面試模式——有別於傳統的面試形式,學生不再只進入一個房間內接受一至兩位面試官既定架構內的提問,或是在小組中輪流答題,而是被要求前往不同面試站(Station),通過一系列涉及醫學議題、道德、解難的場景來測試他們的理解、溝通、應變能力等。
MMI的目的,是通過不同測量點的問題,多角度衡量學生是否(1)勝任醫生/牙醫、(2)具備溝通技巧、(3)理解科學知識、(4)認識醫學倫理及(5)懂得恰當判斷突發情況。以下是一些MMI站點(Station)的例子:
- Ethical Dilemmas 道德困境站
- Prioritisation 優先排序站
- Teamwork 團隊合作站
- Critical Thinking 批判思維站
- Professional Judgement 專業判斷站
- Communication 溝通技巧站
- Role-Play 角色扮演站
- Character Development 個人特質站
學生若有意申請以下大學的醫學士課程, MMI面試將是不可避免的難關步驟:
- University of Aberdeen
- University of Birmingham
- University of Brighton & Sussex
- University of Bristol
- Cardiff University
- University of Dundee
- University of Exeter
- University of Hull York
- Keele University
- King‘s College London
- Lancaster University
- University of Leeds
- University of Leicester
- University of Liverpool
- University of Manchester
- Newcastle University
- University of Nottingham
- University of Queens, Belfast
- University of Sheffield
- University of St Andrews
- St Georges, University of London
- University of East Anglia (Norwich)
- University of Warwick
英國大學從眾多優秀的申請者當中,如何選出最適合學醫的學生,一直為收生官所重視。不少醫學士課程的申請人,在學成績或入學考試成績優秀,但只能證明學生在知識領域的學習能力。
若無一個公正透明的面試環節,收生官則難以分辨學生的習醫動機,或判斷其是否具備當醫生所不可或缺的專業素養與特質,例如良好的溝通技巧、同理心、尊重他人、利他主義等 。因此,英國的醫學院在選擇學生時,除了評量他們的學業表現外, 還要評量他們在學業以外其他性格能力的表現。
故此,面試絕對是醫學院評核候選人的最後關卡。
UCAS內的醫學士課程申請
通過UCAS申請醫學士課程,學生必須注意其截止申請日期較其他學科為早——在入學年前一年的10月15日或之前,需要向UCAS遞交所有申請文件和確立大學選擇。假設同學打算要在2025年入讀醫科,其截止申請日期將會在今年2024年10月15日,遞交以完成整個UCAS申請(包括學校/推薦人已上載推薦信)為準。
另外,UCAS也對醫科課程申請有特別規定——UCAS可以最多報讀五所大學的課程,但不允許學生申請多於四間提供醫學士課程的大學。在第五個選擇上,學生需要選取非醫學士課程的科目,例如學生可以選擇與醫科medicine有關的生物醫藥(Biomedical Science) 、生物化學(Biochemistry)、藥理學(Pharmacy)等,而個別較進取的學生會嘗試物理治療、職業治療等健康科學類課程。
UCAS外的醫學士課程申請
英國大部分醫學院需要透過UCAS作出申請。然而,個別的英國醫學院會接受國際學生透過直接申請(Direct Application)的方式報名,為未趕及在UCAS截止日期遞交申請的學生提供途徑,也為已報名UCAS的學生增加額外的醫學院取錄機會。而接受「直接申請」的大學包括 University of Buckingham、Brunel University London、University of Central Lancashire(UCLan)這三所。
此外,近年有部分英國醫學院採用新式課程架構,學生的理論課程在英國院校完成,然後轉到大學與外國合辦的醫院實習,例如University of Aberdeen醫科學生完成首3年的理論課後,會轉到大學於外地的合作醫院進行實習;同時也有個別英國大學會於海外開設以其名下的醫學院,例如Queen Mary University 便在在歐洲島國馬爾他(Malta)開設醫學院分校。
英國醫科畢業生回港執業流程
過往海外醫科畢業要回港執業都一定要通過執業考試,香港政府因應現時公營醫療系統醫生不足,自《2021年醫生註冊(修訂)條例》於二零二一年十月二十九日刊憲生效後,持認可醫學資格的非本地培訓醫生(目前認可資格名單合共四批海外院校、同學可參考香港醫務委員會網頁獲得詳細名單),如符合相關條件可申請特別註冊途徑來港,於公營醫療機構(即醫院管理局(醫管局)、衞生署、香港大學和香港中文大學)擔任醫生工作,並在服務一定年期、取得認可專科資格及通過評核後獲得正式註冊在港執業行醫。至於持認可醫學資格但尚未在香港以外地方實習的非本地培訓醫科畢業生,如符合相關條件,他們可參加香港醫務委員會(醫委會)的執業資格試,從而申請特別註冊途徑在香港的公營醫療機構執業,在符合適用於所有特別註冊醫生的條件後同樣可取得正式註冊。
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